In fact, surfboard manufacturing routines are moving towards more controlled and reproducible manufacturing processes, in particular Computer numerically controlled (CNC) shaping techniques. The present paper aims to show the potential of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solvers for surfboard design and its applicability by comparing three different surfboards with minimal changes in design. Alongside improving standardisation, the use of wave pools presents as an area of interest in future research. Three key themes of board, wetsuit and fin design were noted from this the authors were able to identify several knowledge gaps such as a lack of standardisation in equipment controls and study design procedures. Fin design studies focused on fin shape and configuration to assess lift and drag properties. Wetsuit design studies primarily assessed thermoregulation, and less so muscle activation and paddling biomechanics. Board design studies focused on paddling efficiency (VO2 and HR). Within each study theme there were consistencies in outcome measures and measuring devices. Fin design studies were largely computational, whereas board and wetsuit design were mostly field and laboratory based. Most were written within the past 5 years and written in the USA. Fin and wetsuit design were the most prominent themes (seven studies each respectively). A total of 17 articles were selected for review and organized by theme of board, wetsuit and fin. Results from these articles were then extracted, summarised and presented.
AIRFOIL SURFBOARD FULL
Exclusion criteria were no full text availability and works not available in English. Inclusion criteria were mention of surfing equipment and relevant surfing outcome measures (physiological and mechanical). Google Scholar was also searched for grey literature. A total of seven electronic databases were searched (PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and Ovid). This review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA scoping review guidelines. Therefore, the aims of this study were to: (1) assess the volume and type of scientific literature that is available to the authors specific to surfing equipment and design, (2) summarise all surfing equipment and design studies completed to date specific to outcome measures and key findings and (3) identify knowledge gaps in the topic of surfing equipment design. Growth in the surfing equipment industry has led to increased scientific interest in this area, yet no current paper has reviewed and synthesized the effects of equipment design on surfing. Overall, CR fins appear best for forward acceleration and hold on the wave, while RW fins appear best for maneuverability and stability. CR fins had significantly lower pre-turn drag, and the highest mean resultant forces during the turn. RW fins were always the last to stall during a turn, and always exhibited the most gradual stall. CFD results also revealed RW's ability to dampen effects of turbulent flow. Sustained resultant forces relative to the rider direction were significantly different between fin types, and lowest for RW at WCT-level rotations.
AIRFOIL SURFBOARD PROFESSIONAL
Surfboard roll, pitch and yaw during cutback maneuvers were simulated based on field data from surfers of intermediate, expert and professional (WCT) skill level surfing on ocean waves. The fins with surface features included designs with a partially grooved and serrated surface (CR), and humpback whale-inspired fins with tubercles and other features (RW). The surfing performance of two shortboard fin types with surface features were compared to a standard (control) fin with a smooth surface using dynamic computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations.
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